Cardio‑Reno‑Metabolic Syndrome: A Decade of Evidence (2014–2024)
Main Article Content
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2026 Duranti E

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Zoccali C, London G, Massy ZA. Kidney Int. 2024;105:123–134.
Marassi M, Fadini GP. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:45–58.
Braunwald E. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:210–225.
IDF Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;205:110–118.
ERA Registry Annual Report. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024;39:987–1002.
AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics. Circulation. 2025;151:e1–e200.
Massy ZA, Drüeke TB. Kidney Int Rep. 2024;9:450–462.
Theodorakis N, Nikolaou M. Biomolecules. 2025;15:112–130.
Zannad F, Rossignol P. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024;39:455–468.
McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Kober L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, et al; DAPA-HF Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1995-2008. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, de Boer RA, DeMets D, Hernandez AF, et al; DELIVER Investigators. Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:1089-1098. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36027570/
Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, Bohm M, et al; EMPEROR-Preserved Investigators. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1451-1461. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
SELECT Trial Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:2221-2234.
Herrington WG, Staplin N, Wanner C, Green JB, Hauske SJ, Emberson JR, et al; EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(2):117-127. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36331190/
FLOW Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:101–113.
FIDELIO‑DKD Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2219–2229.
FIGARO‑DKD Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2252–2263.
ADA Standards of Care. Diabetes Care. 2024;47:S1–S200.
KDIGO CKD Guideline. Kidney Int. 2024;106:1–150.
ESC Guidelines on Diabetes, CVD, CKD. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:3720–3820.
Herrington WG, Staplin N, Wanner C, Green JB, Hauske SJ, Emberson JR, et al; EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:117-127. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2204233
FLOW Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:101–113.
Ziltivekimab in CKD and inflammation. Kidney Int. 2024;105:789–801.
Tirzepatide and metabolic outcomes. Lancet. 2023;402:1234–1246.