Microdialysis technique for in-vivo monitoring of •OH generation on myocardial injury in the rat

Main Article Content

Toshio Obata

Abstract

The micro dialysis procedure is a technique that has been established for some years. Although free radical reaction is a part of normal metabolism, sustained elevation of noradrenaline (NA) in the extracellular fluid can be autoxidized, which in turn leads (possibly by an in direct mechanism) to the formation of cytotoxic free radicals. Reactive oxygen causes excessive Na+ entry through the fast Ca2+ channel, leading to intracellular Ca2+ overload through the Na+-Ca2+ exchange system. However, the interaction between intracellular Ca2+ overload and oxygen free radicals in myocardium is not clear. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is associated with cardioprotective effect due to suppression of NA-induced hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation in the heart. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation may be related to NA induced •OH generation. Although the neuroprotective effects of nitric oxide (NO) is discussed, NO contributes to the extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o)-induced •OH generation via NO synthase (NOS) activation. Opening of ATP sensitive K+ channel (KATP) channel may cause •OH generation. These finding may be useful in elucidating the actual mechanism of free radical formation in the pathogenesis of heart disorders.

Article Details

Obata, T. (2018). Microdialysis technique for in-vivo monitoring of •OH generation on myocardial injury in the rat. Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, 3(2), 049–051. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jccm.1001025
Review Articles

Copyright (c) 2018 Obata T. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Souidi N, Stolk M, Seifert M. Ischemia-reperfusion injury: beneficial effects of mesenchymal stromal cells. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2013; 18: 34-43. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9zkqw7r DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0b013e32835c2a05

Yoshida M, Honma S. Regeneration of injured renal tubules. J Pharmacol Sci. 2014; 124: 117-122. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7cg63p6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.13R12CP

Lekli I, Haines DD, Balla G, Tosaki A. Autophagy: an adaptive physiological countermeasure to cellular senescence and ischaemia/reperfusion-associated cardiac arrhythmias. J Cell Mol Med. 2017; 21: 1058-1072. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybokkzbb DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13053

McCord JM. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312: 159-163. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9su3xjz DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198501173120305

Gozal Y, Chevion M, Elami A, Berenshtein E, Kitrossky N, et al. Ischaemic preconditioning but not isoflurane prevents post-ischaemic production of hydroxyl radicals in a canine model of ischaemia-reperfusion. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005; 22: 49-55. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7exate9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265021505000116

Obata T, Hosokawa H, Yamanaka Y. In vivo monitoring of norepinephrine and •OH generation on myocardial ischemic injury by dialysis technique. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266; 903-908. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y95gpyqp DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.266.3.H903

Chen YR, Zweier JL. Cardiac mitochondria and reactive oxygen species generation. Circ Res. 2014; 114: 524-537. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8hfjypu DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.300559

Hitchler MJ, Domann FE. Regulation of CuZnSOD and its redox signaling potential: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014; 20: 1590-1598. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y88ubw4m DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5385

Newcomb M, Hollenberg PF, Coon MJ. Multiple mechanisms and multiple oxidants in P450-catalyzed hydroxylations. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2003; 409: 72-79. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yazqzv4x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00445-9

Richmond R, Halliwell B, Chauhan J, Darbre A. Superoxide-dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals: detection of hydroxyl radicals by the hydroxylation of aromatic compounds. Anal Biochem. 1981; 118: 328-335. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybh4rc6u DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(81)90590-X

Baker MS, Gebicki JM. The effect of pH on yields of hydroxyl radicals produced from superoxide by potential biological iron chelators. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986; 246: 581-588. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y86ou7v9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(86)90313-9

Gutteridge JM. Ferrous-salt-promoted damage to deoxyribose and benzoate. The increased effectiveness of hydroxyl-radical scavengers in the presence of EDTA. Biochem J. 1987; 243: 709-714. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yap6z47d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2430709

Karam LR, Simic MG. Detecting irradiated foods: use of hydroxyl radical biomarkers. Anal Chem. 1988; 60: 1117-1119. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7mnpwlh DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00170a002

Radzik DM, Roston DA, Kissinger PT. Determination of hydroxylated aromatic compounds produced via superoxide-dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals by liquid chromatography/electrochemistry. Anal Biochem. 1983; 131: 458-464. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9x4tgpo DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(83)90199-9

Floyd RA, Watson JJ, Wong PK. Sensitive assay of hydroxyl free radical formation utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of phenol and salicylate hydroxylation products. J Biochem Biophys. 1984; 10: 221-235. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybzn7kw4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-022X(84)90042-3

Obata T. Blocking cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ channels reduces hydroxyl radicals caused by potassium chloride-induced depolarization in the rat myocardium. Anal Biochem. 2006; 356: 59-65. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yadqgu57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2006.06.018

Halliwell B, Kaur H, Ingleman-Sundberg M. Hydroxylation of salicylate as an assay for hydroxyl radicals: a cautionary note. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991; 10: 439-441. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ydham33f DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(91)90052-5

Kostrzewa RM, Kostrzewa JP, Brus R. Dopaminergic denervation enhances susceptibility to hydroxyl radicals in rat neostriatum. Amino Acids. 2000; 19: 183-199. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y99bwqza DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s007260070049

Van Wylen DGL, Schmit TJ, Lasley RD, Gingell RL, Mentzer Jr RM. Cardiac microdialysis in isolated rat hearts: interstitial adenosine purine metabolites during ischemia. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262, 1934-1938. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y82rw64s DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.6.H1934

Benveniste H. Brain microdialysis. J Neurochem. 1989; 52: 1667-1679. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yakzo3x8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07243.x

Sarapultsev P, Chupakhin O, Sarapultsev A, Rantsev M, Sidorova L, et al. New insights in to the treatment of myocardial infarction. Int J Exp Pathol. 2012; 93: 18-23. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8y9p4bh DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00794.x

Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Redox signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013; 61: 473-501. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yc7sozec DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.001

Ben-Shachar D, Youdim MBH. Intranigral iron injection induces behavioral and biochemical "parkinsonism" in rats. J Neurochem. 1991; 57: 2133-2135. https://tinyurl.com/y9gwuhzp DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06432.x

Ashraf MZ, Kar NS, Podrez EA. Oxidized phospholipids: biomarker for cardiovascular diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009; 41: 1241-1244. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9uny5ye DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2008.11.002

Obata T, Yamanaka Y. Effect of iron (II) on the generation of hydroxyl free radicals in rat myocardium. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996; 51: 1411-1413. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yd33zsvb DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(96)84524-2

Obata T, Tamura M, Yamanaka Y. Evidence of hydroxyl free radical generation by calcium overload in rat myocardium. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997; 49: 787-790. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9qdskdu DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06113.x

Obata T, Yamanaka Y. Nitric oxide induce hydroxyl radical generation in rat hearts via depolarization-induced nitric oxide synthase activation. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 2001; 364: 59-65. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9ydpr6q DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002100000267

Obata T. Use of microdialysis for in-vivo monitoring of hydroxyl free-radical generation in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997; 49: 724-730. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yaadlsst DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06100.x

Obata T, Yamanaka Y. Protective effect of imidaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on •OH generation in rat myocardium. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999; 1472: 62-70. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yasmp43f DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00104-X

Obata T, Yamanaka Y. Iron (III) attenuates hydroxyl radical generation accompanying non-enzymatic oxidation of noradrenaline in the rat heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2002; 365: 158-163. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y74t2vw2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002100000249

Wang LX, Ideishi M, Yahiro E, Urata H, Arakawa K, Saku K. Mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury. Hypertens Res. 2001; 24: 179-187. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ydf5ayal DOI: https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.24.179

Mangieri A. Renin-angiotensin system blockers in cardiac surgery. J Crit Care. 2015; 30: 613-618. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yc3yue69 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.02.017

Herring N, Lee CW, Sunderland N, Wright K, Paterson DJ. Pravastatin normalises peripheral cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011; 50: 99-106. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y6v3kxf8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.09.025

Obata T, Yamanaka Y. Effect of OH scavenging action by non-SH-containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor imidaprilat using microdialysis. J Physiol. 1998; 92: 1-4. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycssn6wa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-4257(98)80016-8

Sobotka PA, Krum H, Böhm M, Francis DP, Schlaich MP. The role of renal denervation in the treatment of heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2012; 14: 285-292. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9x2kod7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-012-0258-x

Bagchi D, Prasad R, Das DK. Direct scavenging of free radicals by captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989; 158: 52-57. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ya3wrxpz DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(89)80175-5

Laughlin MH, Bowles DK, Duncker DJ. The coronary circulation in exercise training. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012; 302: 10-23. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybwv9xs4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00574.2011

Rana OA, Byrne CD, Greaves K. Intensive glucose control and hypoglycaemia: a new cardiovascular risk factor? Heart. 2014; 100: 21-27. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ydcvfv5x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303871

Isaacson JS, Reid IA. Importance of endogenous angiotensin II in the cardiovascular responses to sympathetic stimulation in conscious rabbits. Circ Res. 1990; 66: 662-671. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ya9l6uat DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.66.3.662

Stegbauer J, Oberhauser V, Vonend O, Rump LC. Angiotensin-(1-7) modulates vascular resistance and sympathetic neurotransmission in kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res. 2004; 61: 352-359. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycqrerv2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2003.11.017

Naito M, Yang XP, Chiba S. Modification of transmitter release from periarterial nerve terminals by dipyridamole in canine isolated splenic artery. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004; 31: 185-189. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7syz23g DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.03969.x

Rona G. Catecholamine cardiotoxicity. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1985; 17: 291-306. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8uapmgs DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2828(85)80130-9

Erdös EG, Jackman HL, Brovkovych V, Tan F, Deddish PA. Products of angiotensin I hydrolysis by human cardiac enzymes potentiate bradykinin. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2002; 34: 1569-1576. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yalf344q DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.2002.2080

Knorr AM. Why is nisoldipine a specific agent in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction? Am J Cardiol. 1995; 75: 36-40. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybroh5fg DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80446-9

Malik KU, Sehic E. Prostaglandins and the release of the adrenergic transmitter. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990; 604: 222-236. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7gxcjj2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb31996.x

Fern R, Ransom BR. Ischemic injury of optic nerve axons: the nuts and bolts. Clin Neurosci. 1997; 4: 246-250. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybwfc922

Liu T, O'Rourke B. Regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ and its effects on energetics and redox balance in normal and failing heart. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2009; 41: 127-132. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yamqyc93 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10863-009-9216-8

Williams MW, Taft CS, Ramnauth S, Zhao ZQ, Vinten-Johansen J. Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rabbit. Cardiovasc Res. 1995; 30: 79-86. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y97enf34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(95)00011-9

Hearse DJ, Bolli R. Reperfusion-induced injury: manifestation, mechanisms and clinical relevance. Cardiovasc Res. 1992; 26: 101-108. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yclp5hfk DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.2.101

Goldhaber JI, Qayyum MS. Oxygen free radicals and excitation-contraction coupling. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2000; 2: 55-64. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7u7fwcc DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2000.2.1-55

Barba I, Chavarria L, Ruiz-Meana M, Mirabet M, Agulló E, et al. Effect of intracellular lipid droplets on cytosolic Ca2+ and cell death during ischaemia-reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes. J Physiol. 2009; 587: 1331-1341. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yccea9ag DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.163311

Boucher FR, Jouan MG, Moro C, Rakotovao AN, Tanguy S, et al. Does selenium exert cardioprotective effects against oxidative stress in myocardial ischemia? Acta Physiol Hung. 2008; 95: 187-194. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ydd2tecx DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/APhysiol.95.2008.2.3

Vannucci RC. Experimental biology of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: relation to perinatal brain damage. Pediatr Res. 1990; 27: 317-326. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yak34pdx DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199004000-00001

Pepe S. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on age-related changes in cardiac mitochondrial membranes. Exp Gerontol. 2005; 40: 751-758. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycsn9gb8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2005.03.013

An J, Zou W, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Wu M, et al. The toxic effects of Aroclor 1254 exposure on the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 and its molecular mechanism. Toxicology. 2012; 295: 8-14. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yau7tyeo DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.02.009

Zhang Y, Hu S, Chen Y. Hepatocyte growth factor suppresses hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced XO activation in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Heart Vessels. 2015; 30: 534-544. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybb4qr9j DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-014-0547-y

Deby C, Goutier R. New perspectives on the biochemistry of superoxide anion and the efficiency of superoxide dismutases. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990; 39: 399-405. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybyen82o DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(90)90043-K

Minyailenko TD, Pozharov VP, Seredenko MM. Severe hypoxia activates lipid peroxidation in the rat brain. Chem Phys Lipids. 1990; 55: 25-28. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yb8fcckt DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-3084(90)90145-H

Andreoli SP. Mechanisms of endothelial cell ATP depletion after oxidant injury. Pediatr Res. 1989; 25: 97-101. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9mf4shk DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198901000-00021

Demaison L, Moreau D, Martine L, Chaudron I, Grynberg A. Myocardial ischemia and in vitro mitochondrial metabolic efficiency. Mol Cell Biochem. 1996; 158: 161-169. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ydcaedvm DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225842

Hoffman JW Jr, Gilbert TB, Poston RS, Silldorff EP. Myocardial reperfusion injury: etiology, mechanisms, and therapies. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2004; 36: 391-411. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7vjgqxg DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/ject/2004364391

Murphy E, Jacob R, Lieberman M. Cytosolic free calcium in chick heart cells. Its role in cell injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1985; 17: 221-231. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycs548zw DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2828(85)80005-5

Obata T, Yamanaka Y. Cardiac microdialysis of salicylic acid .OH generation on nonenzymatic oxidation by norepinephrine in rat heart. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997; 53: 1375-1378. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycl9fqxo DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(96)00870-2

Edwards G, Weston AH. The pharmacology of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1993; 33: 597-637. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y778dbcp DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.33.040193.003121

Qian YZ, Levasseur JE, Yoshida K, Kukreja RC. KATP channels in rat heart: blockade of ischemic and acetylcholine-mediated preconditioning by glibenclamide. Am J Physiol. 1996; 271: 23-28. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yc5jfxss DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.1.H23

Thornton JD, Liu GS, Olsson RA, Downey JM. Intravenous pre-treatment with A1-selective adenosine analogues protects the heart against infarction. Circulation. 1992; 85: 659-665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.85.2.659

Tokube KA, Kiyosue T, Arita M. Openings of cardiac KATP channel by oxygen free radicals produced by xanthine oxidase reaction. Am J Physiol. 1996; 271: 478-489. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9fbnv6c DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.2.H478

Hirche HJ, Franz CH, Bös L, Bissig R, Scharmann M. Myocardial extracellular K+ and H+ increase and noradrenaline release as possible cause of early arrhythmias following acute coronary artery occlusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1980; 12: 579-593. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ya7fue52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2828(80)90016-4

Chacon E, Acosta D. Mitochondrial regulation of superoxide by Ca2+: an alternate mechanism for the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991; 107: 117-128. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yc6fbcrx DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(91)90336-D

Obata T, Yamanaka Y. Block of cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ channels reduces hydroxyl radicals in the rat myocardium. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000; 378: 195-200. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9t8ev79 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.1830

Fabiani ME, Story DF. Prejunctional effects of cromakalim, nicorandil and pinacidil on noradrenergic transmission in rat isolated mesenteric artery. J Auton Pharmacol. 1994; 14: 87-98. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7pxkfks DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-8673.1994.tb00593.x

D'Alonzo AJ, Zhu JL, Darbenzio RB, Dorso CR, Grover GJ. Proarrhythmic effects of pinacidil are partially mediated through enhancement of catecholamine release in isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1998; 30: 415-423. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8rzz4og DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.1997.0605

Shigematsu S, Sato T, Abe T, Saikawa T, Sakata T, Arita M. Pharmacological evidence for the persistent activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in early phase of reperfusion and its protective role against myocardial stunning. Circulation. 1995; 92: 2266-2275. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yanue7nx DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.8.2266

Notsu T, Tanaka I, Takano M, Noma A. Blockade of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel by 5-hydroxydecanoate in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992; 260: 702-708. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yceeyez2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3565(25)11353-0

Ripoll C, Lederer WJ, Nichols CG. On the mechanism of inhibition of KATP channels by glibenclamide in rat ventricular myocytes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1993; 4: 38-47. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ydh77ozl DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1993.tb01210.x

Liu Y, O'Rourke B. Opening of mitochondrial KATP channels triggers cardioprotection: are reactive oxygen species involved? Circ Res. 2001; 88: 750-752. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9e4yj22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0801.090537

Jeroudi MO, Hartley CJ, Bolli R. Myocardial reperfusion injury: role of oxygen radicals and potential therapy with antioxidants. Am J Cardiol. 1994; 73: 2-7. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yapvme2b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(94)90257-7

Baines CP, Goto M, Downey JM. Oxygen radicals released during ischemic preconditioning contribute to cardioprotection in the rabbit myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997; 29: 207-216. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybttuhhe DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.1996.0265

Tritto I, D'Andrea D, Eramo N, Scognamiglio A, De Simone C, et al. Oxygen radicals can induce preconditioning in rabbit hearts. Circ Res. 1997; 80: 743-748. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9hkuf3d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.80.5.743

Forbes RA, Steenbergen C, Murphy E. Diazoxide-induced cardioprotection requires signaling through a redox-sensitive mechanism. Circ Res. 2001; 88: 802-809. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8s65bst DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0801.089342

Pain T, Yang XM, Critz SD, Yue Y, Nakano A, et al. Opening of mitochondrial K (ATP) channels triggers the preconditioned state by generating free radicals. Circ Res. 2000; 87: 460-466. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9e8l3lv DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.87.6.460

Billman GE. Effect of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonists on susceptibility to malignant arrhythmias: protection from ventricular fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1994; 24: 394-402. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yaypu6bx DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199409000-00007

Pèrez O, Valenzuela C, Delpón E, Tamargo J. Class I and III antiarrhythmic actions of prazosin in guinea-pig papillary muscles. Br J Pharmacol. 1994; 111: 717-722. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yat6tetm DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb14796.x

Donck LV, Borgers M. Myocardial protection by R 56865: a new principle based on prevention of ion channel pathology. Am J Physiol. 1991; 261: 1828-1835. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybnoq2ef

Tosaki A, Koltai M, Paubert-Braquet M. Effect of iloprost on reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and myocardial ion shifts in isolated rat hearts. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990; 191, 69-81. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycf5ldmj DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(90)94097-H

Toombs, CF, Wiltse AL, Shebuski RJ. Ischemic preconditioning fails to limit infarct size in reserpinized rabbit myocardium. Implication of norepinephrine release in the preconditioning effect. Circulation. 1993; 88: 2351-2358. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yax6kw7x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.88.5.2351

Akiyama T, Yamazaki T, Ninomiya I. In vivo monitoring of myocardial interstitial norepinephrine by dialysis technique. Am J Physiol. 1991; 261: 1643-1647. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yaxo7dbz DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.5.H1643

Slezak J, Tribulova N, Pristacova J, Uhrik B, Thomas T, et al. Hydrogen peroxide changes in ischemic and reperfused heart. Cytochemistry and biochemical and X-ray microanalysis. Am J Pathol. 1995; 147: 772-781. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yah8nf2w

Vaage J, Antonelli M, Bufi M, Irtun O, DeBlasi RA, et al. Exogenous reactive oxygen species deplete the isolated rat heart of antioxidants. Free Rad Biol Med. 1997; 22: 85-92. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybsrnbw7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00278-X

Obata T, Yamanaka Y. Cardiac microdialysis of salicylic acid to detect hydroxyl radical generation associated with sympathetic nerve stimulation. Neurosci Lett. 1996; 211: 216-218. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8guzy6s DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(96)12755-5

Obata T, Aomine M, Yamanaka Y. Protective effect of histidine on iron (II)-induced hydroxyl radical generation in rat hearts. J Physiol Paris. 1999; 93: 213-218. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybvv6oqa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-4257(99)80153-3

Hoffmann P, Richards D, Heinroth-Hoffmann I, Mathias P, Wey H, et al. Arachidonic acid disrupts calcium dynamics in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 1995; 30: 889-898. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yckva8x2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(95)00133-6

Su MJ, Chi JF, Chu SH. Effects of prazosin on rat, guinea pig and human cardiac tissues. Chin J Physiol. 1995; 38: 159-169. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycfruq8l

Ver Donck L, Borgers M. Myocardial protection by R 56865: a new principle based on prevention of ion channel pathology. Am J Physiol. 1991; 266: 903-908. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ybnoq2ef DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.6.H1828

Akahira M, Hara A, Hashizume H, Nakamura M, Abiko Y. Protective effect of prazosin on the hydrogen peroxide-induced derangements in the isolated perfused rat heart. Life Sci. 1998; 62: 1755-1766. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycuqy536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00137-4

Wermelskirchen D, Wilffert B, Nebel U, Wirth A, Peters T. Veratridine-induced intoxication in the isolated left atrium of the rat: effects of some anti-ischemic compounds. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharm. 1991; 344: 101-106. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yb4o59vn DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00167388

Tani, M., 1990. Mechanisms of Ca2+ overload in reperfused ischemic myocardium. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 52, 543-559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.52.030190.002551

Comini L, Bachetti T, Gaia G, Pasini E, Agnoletti L, Pepi P, et al. Aorta and skeletal muscle NO synthase expression in experimental heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996; 28: 2241-2248. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7sg5so7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.1996.0216

Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1990; 87: 1620-1624. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yax9xts7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.4.1620

Pietri S, Maurelli E, Drieu K, Culcasi M. Cardioprotective and anti-oxidant effects of the terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997; 29: 733-742. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7jk9aes DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmcc.1996.0316

Darley-Usmar V, Wiseman H, Halliwell B. Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals: a question of balance. FEBS Lett. 1995; 369: 131-315. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yajufm9a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(95)00764-Z

Tatsumi S, Itoh Y, Ma FH, Higashira H, Ukai Y, et al. Inhibition of depolarization-induced nitric oxide synthase activation by NS-7, a phenylpyrimidine derivative, in primary neuronal culture. J Neurochem. 1998; 70: 59-65. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y73wkwyc DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70010059.x

Chiueh CC, Wu RM, Mohanakumar KP, Sternberger LM, Krishna G, et al. In vivo generation of hydroxyl radicals and MPTP-induced dopaminergic toxicity in the basal ganglia. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994; 738: 25-36. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ycxr2jmy DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21786.x

Mohanakumar KP, Steinbusch HW. Hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. J Chem Neuroanat. 1998; 14: 125-127. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9ze37ox DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-0618(98)00037-4

Mohanakumar KP, Hanbauer I, Chiueh CC. Neuroprotection by nitric oxide against hydroxyl radical-induced nigral neurotoxicity. J Chem Neuroanat. 1998; 14: 195-205. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/ya343dph DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-0618(98)00032-5

Rauhala P, Mohanakumar KP, Sziraki I, Lin AM, Chiueh CC. S-nitrosothiols and nitric oxide, but not sodium nitroprusside, protect nigrostriatal dopamine neurons against iron-induced oxidative stress in vivo. Synapse. 1996; 23: 58-60. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8sktwz4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199605)23:1<58::AID-SYN7>3.0.CO;2-G

Kalogeris T, Bao Y, Korthuis RJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: a double edged sword in ischemia/reperfusion vs preconditioning. Redox Biol. 2014; 2: 702-714. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y82pcp29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2014.05.006

Seyedi N, Win T, Lander HM, Levi R. Bradykinin B2-receptor activation augments norepinephrine exocytosis from cardiac sympathetic nerve endings. Mediation by autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Circ Res. 1997; 81: 774-784. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8txxbvs DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.81.5.774

Snabaitis AK, Shattock MJ, Chambers DJ. Comparison of polarized and depolarized arrest in the isolated rat heart for long-term preservation. Circulation. 1997; 96: 3148-3156. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yc78lrma DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.96.9.3148

Sugawa M, Ikeda S, Kushima Y, Takashima Y, Cynshi O. Oxidized low density lipoprotein caused CNS neuron cell death. Brain Res. 1997; 761: 165-172. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9by4vro DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00468-X

Shie FS, Neely MD, Maezawa I, Wu H, Olson SJ, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein is present in astrocytes surrounding cerebral infarcts and stimulates astrocyte interleukin-6 secretion. Am J Pathol. 2004; 164: 1173-1181. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9zj58rl DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63205-1

Suzumura K, Tanaka K, Yasuhara M, Narita H. Inhibitory effects of fluvastatin and its metabolites on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative destruction of hemin and low-density lipoprotein. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000; 23: 873-878. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yafroc3g DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.23.873

Kukreja RC, Hess ML. The oxygen free radical system from equations through membrane-protein interactions to cardiovascular injury and protection. Cardiovasc Res. 1992; 26: 641-655. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y6v3t4bv DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.7.641

Grimsrud PA, Xie H, Griffin TJ, Bernlohr DA. Oxidative stress and covalent modification of protein with bioactive aldehydes. J Biol Chem. 2008; 283: 21837-21841. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9fb9l4e DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R700019200

Zhai X, Ashraf M. Direct detection and quantification of singlet oxygen during ischemia and reperfusion in rat hearts. Am J Physiol. 1995; 269: 1229-1236. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7xmudw3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.4.H1229

Telfer A. Singlet oxygen production by PSII under light stress: mechanism, detection and the protective role of β-carotene. Plant Cell Physiol. 2014; 55: 1216-1223. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y9ddkhdm DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcu040

Joshi S, Husain MM, Chandra R, Hasan SK, Srivastava RC. Hydroxyl radical formation resulting from the interaction of nickel complexes of L-histidine, glutathione or L-cysteine and hydrogen peroxide. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2005; 24: 13-17. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y78k36v8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht493oa

Suzuki Y, Sudo J. Lipid peroxidation and generations of oxygen radicals induced by cephaloridine in renal cortical microsomes of rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1990; 52: 233-243. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y8zq8456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-5198(19)40058-9

Feix JB, Kalyanaraman B. Production of singlet oxygen-derived hydroxyl radical adducts during merocyanine-540-mediated photosensitization: analysis by ESR-spin trapping and HPLC with electrochemical detection. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1991; 291: 43-51. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y7ffdfxz DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(91)90103-P

Gerlach M, B en-Shachar D, Riederer P, Youdim MBH. Altered brain metabolism of iron as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases? J Neurochem. 1994; 63: 793-807. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y6u9rx74 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63030793.x

Obata T, Yamanaka Y, Chiueh CC. In vivo release of dopamine by perfusion of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion in the striatum with a microdialysis technique. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1992; 60: 311-313. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/yd2fwztu DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-5198(19)32443-6

Schömig A, Dart AM, Dietz R, Mayer E, Kübler W. Release of endogenous catecholamines in the ischemic myocardium of the rat. Part A: locally mediated release. Circ Res. 1984; 55: 689-701. Ref.: https://tinyurl.com/y98ta23e DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.55.5.689