Healthcare Bioethics: A Vital Branch of Bioethics and a New Possible Pillar for Modern Healthcare Systems Strengthening Worldwide
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Globally, all people deserve the highest level of respect for their dignity, rights, and health. Bioethics has been recognized as a powerful discipline that aims to ensure such respect. Fritz Jar (1895–1953) and Van Rensselar Potter (1911–2001) will remain heroic men who ushered in the existence of the discipline of bioethics. Bioethics has been recognized as the science of survival and a bridge to the future. Thus, bioethics aims to enrich people’s wisdom. Wisdom is the knowledge of how to use knowledge for human survival and improvement in the quality of life. Worldwide, all people must widely possess such knowledge. Unfortunately, after many years of existence, implementing the principles and goals of bioethics remains centralized and confined to academic fields. Due to its centralized status, few branches of bioethics have been recognized. Besides, both pre-standard and standard practices still exist in the field of bioethics. Healthcare bioethical principles have been mentioned in numerous publications. However, healthcare bioethics has not been recognized as a vital branch of bioethics. The lack of well-established healthcare bioethics hinders strategies for eradicating many of the ephemeral and heuristic approaches that are still obstructing the achievement of optimum health status for numerous people worldwide. Integrating bioethical principles in all healthcare sectors in decentralized manners would lead to the existence of healthcare bioethics. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe healthcare bioethics as a vital branch of bioethics with respect to its description, branches, core principles, functions, system components, and pre-standard and standard practices of healthcare bioethics.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Nzayikorera J.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2022/TR/NO. 3.
General Assembly Economic and Social Council ADVANCE UNEDITED Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals : 2023 May.
Martins PN. A Concise Study on the History of Bioethics : Some Reflections. Middle East J Bus. 2018;13(1):35–7.
Ambrose CT. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - an unfinished life. Acta Med Hist Adriat. 2014;12(2):217-30. PMID: 25811684.
Ages M. What was medieval and Renaissance medicine? 2022;1–16.
Kapp KA, Talboy GE. John Hunter, the father of scientific surgery. 2017;34–41.
Dunn PM. Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996 Jan;74(1):F77-8. doi: 10.1136/fn.74.1.f77. PMID: 8653442; PMCID: PMC2528332.
Melville W, Fazio XE. The Life and Work of John Snow. 2014 (January 2007).
Santosa A. Where are the world’s disease patterns heading? The challenges of epidemiological transition. 18 edition. Vol. 3. Newyolk: McGraw Hill; 2010; 1–14. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2882287&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
McKeown RE. The Epidemiologic Transition: Changing Patterns of Mortality and Population Dynamics. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2009 Jul 1;3(1 Suppl):19S-26S. doi: 10.1177/1559827609335350. PMID: 20161566; PMCID: PMC2805833.
Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition theory revisited thirty years later. World Heal Stat Q. 1998;51(2–4):99–119.
Janvier N. African Countries being categorized as developing countries should not be an excuse for having a Weak / Poor Health System. 2022;10(5):2119–24.
National Research Council (US). The Continuing Epidemiological Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2012. PMID: 23230581.
CDC A. Africa CDC Non-Communicable Diseases, Injuries Prevention and Control and Mental Health. Africa CDC. 2022.
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF W and W. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. Urbanization, agrifood systems transformation, and healthy diets across the rural-urban continuum. Rome, FAO. 2023.
Callahan D, Lamm E. Global Bioethics: What for? 20th anniversary of UNESCO’s Bioethics Programme. UNESCO. 2015.
WHO. World health statistics 2019: Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2019.
WHO. World health statistics 2020: Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2020.
Have JHAMJ ten, S. M, editors. The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights Background, principles and application. Paris: UNESCO Publishing; 2009.
Zanella DC. VR Potter's Global Bioethics. 2019;22(1998).
Furnari MG. The scientist demanding wisdom: the "Bridge to the Future" by Van Rensselaer Potter. Perspect Biol Med. 2002 Winter;45(1):31-42. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2002.0007. PMID: 11841029.
WHO. The Right to Health. WHO Press. 31.
Clift C, Clift C. The Role of the World Health Organization in the International System Centre on Global Health Security Working Group Papers The Role of the World Health Organization in the International System. R Inst Int Aff. 2013;44(February):0–53.
CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12). 2000;2000:14.
UNESCO. Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Law Hum genome Rev = Rev derecho y genoma Hum / Chair Law Hum Genome, BBV Found Gov Biscay, Univ Deusto. 2005;(23):227–37.
Sustainable T, Goals D. The Sustainable Development Goals Report. UN. 2022.
Global Network of WHO Collaborating Centres for Bioethics: progress report 2017-2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2018.
WHO. Global Network of WHO Collaborating Centres for Bioethics. WHO. 2021;2023:1–3. Thirteenth general programme of work 2019-2023 (who.int)
Pikoulis Emanouil, Waasdorps Christine, Lepranieemi Ari BD. Hippocrates: The True Father Of Medicine.
Antoniou GA, Antoniou SA, Georgiadis GS, Antoniou AI. A contemporary perspective of the first aphorism of Hippocrates. J Vasc Surg. 2012 Sep;56(3):866-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.05.002. PMID: 22917047.
Rajput V, Bekes CE. Ethical issues in hospital medicine. Med Clin North Am. 2002 Jul;86(4):869-86. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(02)00013-5. PMID: 12365344.
Takala T. What is wrong with global bioethics? On the limitations of the four principles approach. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2001 Winter;10(1):72-7. doi: 10.1017/s0963180101001098. PMID: 11326789.
Nzayikorera J. Existence Of Unequal Treatment in Healthcare : An Indicator for The Violation of Healthcare Bioethical Principles. Glob Bioeth Enq. 2023;11(June 1993):12–27.
Sartorious N. The meaning of health and its Promotion. Rev Med Chil. 2006;89:539–48.
Bankowski Z. Medical ethics. World Health. 1989 April.
Bioethics GN of WCC for. Global Health Ethics Key Issues. WHO Libr. 2015.
Neil C. Manson, Onora O N. Rethinking Informed Consent In Bioethcs. Cambridge University Press. 2007.
Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, Alkire BC, Alonso N, Ameh EA, Bickler SW, Conteh L, Dare AJ, Davies J, Mérisier ED, El-Halabi S, Farmer PE, Gawande A, Gillies R, Greenberg SL, Grimes CE, Gruen RL, Ismail EA, Kamara TB, Lavy C, Lundeg G, Mkandawire NC, Raykar NP, Riesel JN, Rodas E, Rose J, Roy N, Shrime MG, Sullivan R, Verguet S, Watters D, Weiser TG, Wilson IH, Yamey G, Yip W. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet. 2015 Aug 8;386(9993):569-624. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60160-X. Epub 2015 Apr 26. PMID: 25924834.
Ng-Kamstra JS, Greenberg SLM, Abdullah F, Amado V, Anderson GA, Cossa M, Costas-Chavarri A, Davies J, Debas HT, Dyer GSM, Erdene S, Farmer PE, Gaumnitz A, Hagander L, Haider A, Leather AJM, Lin Y, Marten R, Marvin JT, McClain CD, Meara JG, Meheš M, Mock C, Mukhopadhyay S, Orgoi S, Prestero T, Price RR, Raykar NP, Riesel JN, Riviello R, Rudy SM, Saluja S, Sullivan R, Tarpley JL, Taylor RH, Telemaque LF, Toma G, Varghese A, Walker M, Yamey G, Shrime MG. Global Surgery 2030: a roadmap for high income country actors. BMJ Glob Health. 2016 Apr 6;1(1):e000011. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000011. PMID: 28588908; PMCID: PMC5321301.
Alkire BC, Raykar NP, Shrime MG, Weiser TG, Bickler SW, Rose JA, et al. Global access to surgical care: A modelling study. Lancet Glob Heal. 2015;3(6):e316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70115-4
Information UD of P. The Millennium Development Goals. United Nations. 2015; 2015.
Johnston RB. Arsenic and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Arsen Res Glob Sustain - Proc 6th Int Congr Arsen Environ AS 2016. 2016;12–4.
Holm S, Williams-Jones B. Global bioethics – myth or reality? 2006;10:1–10.
Fischer ML, Roth ME, Martins GZ. Path of Dialogue : A bioethics experience in primary school. 2017;25(1):89–100.
Iserson KV. Principles of biomedical ethics. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1999 May;17(2):283-306, ix. doi: 10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70060-2. PMID: 10429629.
Plan GA, Lives H. What worked? What didn’t? What’s next? 2023 progress report on the Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-being for All. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2023.
Ibrahim N. Leadership and Good Governance : The Rwandan Experience. Int J Res Innov Soc Sci. 2019;III(Ii):68–78.
Anastase M. Rebuilding After Conflict And Strengthening Fragile States: A view From Rwanda. 2012;128.
Allen-Storey C. Policy brief: Unity and reconciliation in Rwanda: A look at policy implications vis-à-vis social cohesion. Int Alert - Rwanda. 2018.
National Strategy Framework Paper on Strengthening Good Governance For Poverty Reduction In Rwanda. 2002.
WHO. Everybody’s business strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes who’s framework for action. WHO Libr Cat Data. 2007.
WHO. Monitoring the building blocks of health systems: A handbook of indicators and their measurements strategies. WHO Libr Cat Data Monit. 2010.